(Educational Philosophy of Don Bosco - Don Bosco's Way, Style, Approach, Method, System, etc... of Educating and Accompanying Young People Today)

Introduction

On March 12, 1877, in Nice during a solemn opening of St. Peter's Youth Center in the new quarters of the Patronage de Saint Pierre, Don Bosco gave an address.  For many reasons it was important that the event should go well; for this reason, Don Bosco took as his subject-matter his system of education, to which he had begun to give the title "Preventive". 

Upon Don Bosco's return to Turin, he had his address written up in more polished form, with also a French translation: he had spoken on the occasion itself in a mixture of Italian and French.  It underwent various re-editing. Originally published together with the account of the solemn opening - it began life essentially as a propaganda document - it eventually acquired a life of its own, representing as it does Don Bosco's only attempt at setting out his educational principles in systematic form. 

The translation is based on Braido's 'Document R', which contains later refinements to the text, and which was printed together with the Regulations For The Houses Of The Society Of St Francis Of Sales, in 1877.  (Critical Edition: P. BRAIDO -- Translation and Notes: P. LAWS)

Don Bosco writes...

On a number of occasions I have been asked to express, verbally or in writing, a few thoughts concerning the so-called "Preventive System" which we are accustomed to use in our houses.  Until now I have not been able to comply with this request for lack of time, but since at the present moment we are preparing to print the regulations, which now have been observed as it were by tradition, I have thought it may be fitting to present here an outline of it, which will serve as a sketch for a small work which I am preparing, if God will give me life, long enough to complete it.  I do this solely to help in the difficult art of educating the young.  Therefore I will speak about in what the Preventive System consists and why it should be preferred; its practical application and its advantages.

Part 1: In What Does the Salesian Preventive System Consists, and Why It Should be Preferred

Through the ages there have been two systems used in the education of the young: preventive and repressive. The repressive approach consists in making the law known to the students and then supervising them in order to detect transgressions, inflicting, wherever necessary, the merited punishment. Using this system the words and the appearance of the Superior must always be severe, and somewhat menacing, and he himself must avoid all friendly relationships with his dependents.

To give greater weight to his authority, the Director would need to be seen, but rarely among his subjects, and generally speaking only when it was a question of punishing or threatening. This system is easy, less demanding and is especially useful in the army and among adult and sensible people who ought of themselves to know and remember what is according to the law and other regulations.

Quite otherwise, I would say its very opposite, is the preventive system. It consists in making known the rules and regulations of an Institute, and then supervising in such a way that the students are always under the vigilant eye of the Director and the assistants, who like loving fathers will converse with them, act as guides in every event, counsel them and lovingly correct them, which is as much as to say, will put the students into a situation where they cannot do wrong.

This system is all based on reason, religion and loving-kindness. Because of this it excludes every violent punishment, and tries to do without even mild punishments. It seems that this system is preferable for the following reasons:

1: Being forewarned, the pupil is not disheartened when he does something wrong, as happens when such things are reported to the one in charge. Nor does he get angry from being corrected, or threatened with punishment, or even from actually being punished, because there has always been through the affair a friendly voice forewarning him, which reasons with him and generally manages to win his friendship, so that the pupil knows there must be a punishment, and almost wants it.

2: The basic reason (why young people get into trouble) is youthful fickleness which in a moment can forget the rules of discipline and the punishments they threaten. For this reason, a child often commits a fault and deserves punishment, to which he had not given a thought, which he did not remember at all in the act of committing the fault, and which he certainly would have avoided had a friendly voice warned him.

3: The Repressive system can stop a disorder, but only with difficulty can it improve offenders. One observes that young people do not forget the punishments they have suffered, and generally remain embittered, wanting to throw off the yolk, and even to take revenge. It seems at times they pay no heed, but anyone who follows them up in later life knows that the recollections of the young are dreadful, and that they forget the punishments inflicted by their parents, but with great difficulty those given by their teachers. Episodes are known of some who in their old age have exacted an ugly revenge for certain punishments justly inflicted during their school days. On the other hand, the Preventive system makes a friend of the student, who in the assistant sees a benefactor who gives him good advice, wants to make him good, to shield him from unpleasantness, from punishment, from dishonor.

4: The Preventive system offers the student previous warning, in a way that the educator can still speak to him in the language of the heart, whether during the time of his education, or later. The educator, having won the loving respect of his protégé, will be able to greatly influence him, warn him, counsel him, and also correct him, even when he is employed, whether it be in the civil service, or in commerce. For these and many other reasons it seems that the preventive system should prevail over the repressive.

Part 2: Application of the Salesian Preventive System

The practice of this system is all based on the words of St. Paul, who says: Love is patient, love is kind it bears all things ... hopes all things, endures all things. (1 Cor. 13:4.7 passim) Love is kind, and patient; it puts up with all things, but hopes all things and endures any disturbance. For this reason only a Christian can successfully apply the Preventive system. Reason and Religion are the means the educator should constantly make use of, teaching them, making use of them himself, if he wishes to be obeyed and to attain his goal.

1: For this reason the Director should be dedicated to his pupils, nor should he ever assume tasks that would take him away from his duties; on the contrary, he should be among his pupils every time they are not taken up with other legitimate tasks, unless they are duly assisted by others.

2: The teachers, the technical instructors, the assistants should all be of known moral rectitude. They should try to avoid like the plague every kind of (morbid) affection or exclusive friendship with the pupils, and they should realize that the wrongdoing of just one person can compromise an educational Institute. They should operate in a way that the students are never alone. As far as possible the assistants should precede them to the place where they are required to assemble; they should remain with them until others come to assist them; they should never allow them to be idle. 

3: Give them ample liberty to jump, run, make a din as much as they please. Gymnastics, music, declamation (of poems, etc), theatricals, hikes, are very effective methods for getting discipline; they favor good living and good health. One must only ensure that the plot, the characters and the dialogue are not unsuitable. That great friend of youth, St. Phillip Neri used to say, "Do whatever you wish; for me it is enough you do not sin."

4: Frequent Confession, frequent Communion, daily Mass are the pillars that ought to support an educational edifice, from which one would want to keep at bay threats and violence. Never require the youngsters to go to the Holy Sacraments, but just encourage them, and offer them every opportunity to make good use of them. Then on the occasion of retreats, novenas, homilies, religious instructions, one should highlight the beauty, the greatness, the holiness of that Religion which proposes with such easy methods things as useful to civil society, to peace of heart, to the salvation of one's soul, as are these holy sacraments. In this way the young people will become involved spontaneously in these religious practices, with pleasure and with fruit.**

[footnote] ** Not long ago a minister of the Queen of England, visiting an Institute in Turin was taken to a large hall where about 500 boys were studying. He was not a little amazed at seeing so many children in perfect silence, with no supervision. His amazement grew even more when he came to know that perhaps in an entire year, one did not have to complain of a word being said out place, or so much as threaten a punishment, much less inflict one. "Tell me, however is it possible to obtain such silence and such discipline", he asked. And he added to his secretary, "Write down whatever he says". "Sir", replied the Director of the establishment, "the means we use is not available to you." "Why?" "Because they are secrets known only to Catholics". "What are they?" "Frequent Confession and Communion, and Daily Mass well heard." "You are absolutely right. We lack these powerful means of education." "If you do not make use of these religious means, you must turn to threats and the stick". "You are right! You are right! Religion or the rod, I want to recount this in London". 
 

5: Exercise the strictest vigilance to prevent there being allowed in the Institute friends, books or persons who carry on bad conversations. The appointment of a good doorkeeper constitutes a treasure for a house of education.

6: Every evening after the usual prayers, and before the students go to bed, the Director, or someone in his place should offer a few kind words in public, giving some good advice or counsel regarding things to be done or avoided, and let him try to glean these from events that have taken place that day in the Institute or outside. But his talk should never go on more than two or three minutes. This is the key to good behaviour, progress and educational success.

7: Avoid like the plague the opinion of anyone who would want to postpone First Holy Communion to too old an age, when most times the devil has taken possession of the heart of a youngster with incalculable harm to his innocence. According to the discipline of the early Church it was customary to give to infants the consecrated Hosts left over from the Easter Communion. This helps us realise how much the Church loves to see children admitted to their First Communion in due time. Once a child can tell the difference between bread and bread, and shows himself to be sufficiently instructed, pay no attention to his age and let the Heavenly King come to reign in that happy soul. 

8: Catechisms recommend frequent Communion. St. Phillip Neri advised receiving once a week, or even more frequently. The Council of Trent states clearly that it greatly wishes every faithful Christian to also receive Communion each time he goes to Mass. But this communion should not only be spiritual but in fact sacramental, so that one may gain greater benefit from this august and divine sacrifice. (Council of Trent, session XXII, ch. VI)III. 

Advantages of the Salesian Preventive System

Someone might say that this system is difficult in practice. I reply that from the point of view of the students it turns out easier, more satisfying, more advantageous. In the case of the educator, it does include some difficult features, which however are diminished if the educator addresses the task with devotion. An educator is one devoted to the well-being of his students, and for this reason ought to be ready to face every inconvenience, every fatigue in order to achieve his goal, which is the civil, moral, and intellectual education of his students.

Over and above the advantages set out above, I would also add: 

1: The student will have the greatest respect for the educator and will go on recalling with pleasure the orientation he was given, always considering his teachers and the other Superiors as fathers and brothers. Wherever they go, these students are generally the consolation of their families, useful citizens and good Christians.

2: Whatever might be the character, the attitude, the moral state of a pupil at the time he is enrolled, his parents can be secure in the knowledge that their son will not deteriorate, and one may confidently assert that one will achieve some improvement. Indeed, certain youngsters who for a long time were the scourge of their parents, and were even refused entry into houses of correction, when cared-for according to these principles, changed their attitude, their character, they set themselves to live a decent life, and now fill honorable places in society, thus becoming the support of their families, and a credit to the area they live in.

3: Pupils having unfortunate habits who perchance should gain entry into an Institute will not be able to harm their fellows, nor will good boys be harmed by them, because there will be neither time, place, or opportunity, insofar as the assistant, whom we presume to be present, would rapidly put things right.

A Word on Punishments

What criteria should one observe when inflicting punishment? Where possible, one should not make use of punishments, but when necessity demands repression, one should bear in mind the following:

1: The educator at work amongst his pupils should make himself loved, if he wishes to be respected. In this case the omission of an act of goodwill is a punishment, but a punishment that acts as a challenge, encourages, and never disheartens.

2: With the young, what is used as a punishment becomes a punishment. One can observe that a less-than-loving look is for some worse than being struck. Praise when something is done well, blame when there is negligence, are already reward and punishment.

3: Except in very rare cases, corrections, punishments should never be given in public, but privately, apart from companions, and one should use the greatest prudence and patience to have the student understand his fault through reason and religion. 

4: To strike one in any way, to make one kneel in a painful position, to pull any one's ears and similar punishments should be absolutely avoided, because they are forbidden by the law of the land, they greatly irritate the young, and they degrade the educator.
 5: The Rector should make the rules well known, along with the rewards and punishments set down in the disciplinary policy, so that no pupil might be able to excuse himself by saying he did not know what was commanded or forbidden.

If in our houses this system is put into practice I believe that we will be able to achieve excellent results without resorting either to corporal punishment, nor to other violent punishments. For these forty years during which I have dealt with the young, I do not remember ever having used any kind of punishment, and with the help of God I have always got not only what was necessary, but even had my wishes met, and that from those same young people for whom every hope of a good outcome seemed in vain.

-- Sac. Gio Bosco
(Sacerdote Giovanni Bosco - Priest, John Bosco)

Short Summary of Don Bosco's Preventive System

The Preventive System is the synthesis of the complete thought and pastoral action of St. John Bosco:

• It is a Spirituality
• It is a Pedagogy
• It is a style of Pastoral action

More than being some kind of treatise, the Preventive System is something that can be most clearly seen in the life and action of Don Bosco. Nevertheless it can be part of the life and action of one today who would wish to emulate Don Bosco.

An essential characteristic of Don Bosco’s approach is his interest in the young person as person, and in his or her complete formation as human being and Christian.

His total vision of formation is characterized by:

• a variety of educational and pastoral offerings
• a hierarchy of objectives subordinated to the single aim of the salvation of the individual
• his clarity concerning the direction of his educative action

The fundamentals of this total vision of Don Bosco lie in:

• his own life as priest and educator
• his concept of the fullness of salvation as a way of forming young people
• his positive view of the human being and human values
• his realistic appreciation of sin as something that hinders the full development of the person

To be able to put into practice today Don Bosco’s approach, the following is essential:

• To maintain as the final purpose of pastoral and educative action the integration of faith and life
• To establish a strict relationship between the formation of the person and his or her sanctification
• To prepare educators who, through their lives, will be models and witnesses of this whole approach to development, (Note that educators are not only teachers. An educator can be parent or other significant adult in the lives of the young)
• to create an environment in which all this becomes possible

LOVING-KINDNESS, REASON, AND RELIGION SUM UP THE SALESIAN PREVENTIVE SYSTEM

I.  THE SALESIAN PREVENTIVE SYSTEM:  LOVING-KINDNESS: AN EDUCATIVE RELATIONSHIP

Don Bosco opted for loving-kindness, i.e. a special quality of friendliness on the part of the educator which inspires cooperation and confidence on the part of the one being educated. He based his education on charity: the pedagogy of the heart.

The basic traits of his approach are to be found in a letter he wrote to Salesians from Rome in November 1884. Here are some of them:

• education is a matter of the heart
• confidence and familiarity are basic to the system
• familiar presence is an indispensable element
• the environment/surroundings provide for an education as a kind of contagion that goes on between educator and the one being educated
• Jesus Christ is the model for this relationship

The real situation that young people find themselves in today spurs us on to put the Preventive System into action.  A pedagogy of the heart is more than ever needed given the frequent absence of love.

More than a simple one-to-one relationship is required. The Preventive System implies a group of people acting on behalf of the young, and this group

• develops its own interpersonal relationships
• develops relationships between itself and the young
• develops relationships between the young themselves

For Don Bosco, love translates into assistance: i.e. a lively participation in the world of the young and a personal interest shown in each one.

Assistance for Don Bosco is:

• the fruit of love
• educative presence
• a realistic appreciation of the possibilities and limitations of personal development

An educator must:

• enter into actual meeting with the young
• relate empathetically with them
• stress the interiorization of values
• educate to responsibility in daily life
• seek ever new ways of being present

ANIMATION is the way that salesian assistance actually occurs.

The assistant, as animator

• operates according to a way of understanding the human person (see notes on animation)
• seeks to propose happiness in life as an objective
• uses a method which frees the individual (i.e. which is not paternalistic or constricting)
• establishes a youthful style
• sets up a strategy which educates in a unified way

Don Bosco insisted on the importance of the environment as a vehicle for values. He saw this environment as:

• a family spirit between educators and ones being educated
• a place where happiness and interior calm reign
• where the young can express themselves freely
• demanding teamwork and an educative community

To set up such a climate in a world influenced by so many other agents (for good or for ill), it is necessary to:

• see it as something belonging to the whole community
• involve the young themselves in the process
• keep close contact with their families
• look out for gospel elements in that environment

The educational environment becomes a complete reality involving persons, relationships and organization.

II.  THE SALESIAN PREVENTIVE SYSTEM:  REASON AND EDUCATIVE "REASONABLENESS"

In the characteristic trinomial (reason, religion loving-kindness) of Don Bosco’s Preventive System, reason is the element which binds and regulates the other two. Religion, for example has to be ‘reasonable’. So must affection and kindness.

The basis for this reasonableness for Don Bosco is the belief in the inner strength of the one being educated, and his openness to goodness and truth.

Reasonableness is shown in various ways:

• by means of clear ideas and aims accompanied by flexibility towards circumstances and persons
• the help given to the young to act out of conviction
• the calm atmosphere created around them
• the importance given to instruction and cultural and technical formation

Don Bosco expressed many of his ideas in a letter all about punishments in which he urges that correction be offered in a spirit of reason and loving-kindness.

For correction to be educative it is required that:

• it not be harsh
• recourse be had to moral sanctions where possible
• look for the right moment
• eventual action to be inspired by reason, love and faith

Amongst those elements which can be readily translated into today’s terms are:

• reason seen as interpersonal dialogue
• reason as education to depth
• reason as initiation into critical evaluation
• reason as personal awareness and respect for individual
• reason as a help to the young person in understanding his inner resources
• reason as functional, flexible and decentralized structures
• reason as a positive offering

III.  THE SALESIAN PREVENTIVE SYSTEM:  RELIGION AND EDUCATIVE-PASTORAL SPIRITUALITY

Don Bosco assigned primary importance to religion both as a system and in its practice; in conjunction with reason and loving-kindness it constitutes one of the basic pillars of human selfhood. Its relationship to the other two elements is that it is their deepest expression.

So, what is meant by "religion"?

Inasmuch as religion is seen as public life, for Don Bosco it meant the living out of the Catholic faith in its doctrine, sacraments, lifestyle in today’s more secularized atmosphere, religion is to be understood as the recognition of God as father and the acceptance of a lifestyle in conformity with this conviction.

Amongst the manifestations and religious offerings provided by Don Bosco in his system and educational praxis, we can list:

• the climate or religious environment
• the religious viewpoint about life
• solid catechetical instruction
• religious practice of prayer and sacramental life freely accepted
• an apostolic outlook, both personal and group
• the proposal of a personal path to holiness

The ideal of holiness presented by Don Bosco is one of youthful holiness, and demonstrates certain basic attitudes:

• life as a place for encounter with God
• Christ to whom life is open and in whom one finds fullness of meaning
• Human fullness - happiness and commitment to others
• experience of Church as communion and service
• vocation..understood as a human and Christian commitment
• Mary, known as Help of Christians, who has experienced our life and already lived it admirably as a way to holiness

These six nuclei of Salesian youth spirituality cannot be considered separately;  they work together mutually as a unified proposal of a Christian lifestyle.
 
 
 

Learn  more about Don Bosco's spirituality through this three-part video: